I don't have access to 5E at the moment (book belongs to a friend), but if they've changed things that's interesting, because:
Flare Compensation: Your eyes adapt quickly to intense light, allowing you to avoid the effects of flash grenades and similar weapons. This power functions exactly like the flare compensation vision enhancement (S4A 333).
Sound Dampening: Your ears are protected from loud noises and adjust quickly to sudden changes in noise level. The sound dampening power functions exactly like the cybernetic damper enhancement (S4A 341).
Improved Scent: You can identify scents in the same way as a bloodhound. You can identify individuals by scent alone, and can tell if someone whose scent you know has been in an area recently with a successful Perception Test. The strong smells of most sprawls impose modifiers on the use of this sense.
Improved Taste: You can recognize the ingredients of food or beverage by taste alone. A successful Perception Test allows adepts with Chemistry or a similar Knowledge skill to identify ingestive poisons and drugs concealed in food or drink. A successful Perception Test allows adepts to determine if a sample of water is pure enough to drink.
There's no indication in 4th edition for why Ultrasound wouldn't be valid (it is by definition hearing at a frequency higher than normal human hearing, after all), though you might need something else in order to be able to use it as the cyberware due to the sensor not only having a receiver (which can be used alone in passive mode) but also transmits sonic pulses at above-human hearing. I think that Voice Control or a bioware might do the trick, though. Otherwise you'd still be able to use it in the passive sense, which would tell you when where an active Ultrasonic sensor was active once it enters your perception radius.
EDIT: As Giabralter has stated, and I should've made more clear, this would make for an echolocation power, not something as detailed/precise as the visual overlay ultrasound sensor.
If 5E doesn't explicitly say that those things are different and specifically not valid for adepts, I don't see why the things I pointed out that you have listed as either "not sure" or "not allowed" wouldn't be possible - though if the restriction is about the bonus dice pool, then a variant that allows the test (ie chemistry as pointed out in S4A) without giving bonus die (which it doesn't in S4A) should help give options without breaking balance. I grant that SR5 doesn't actually list all of the options in S4A, but that makes sense because there's still another book for magic to come out eventually and they might have wanted to put some of those options into a more focused book and I do like the idea of the tactile sensitivity (which curiously wasn't expressly identified in S4A). One of the things I liked about Shadowrun is that you have a two-sided split in the movement beyond the standard human and either cyberware
or magic was an option for doing so. Hopefully this should help clarify things for you, or at least help stimulate discussion with others.
I do agree with your point about the confusion as to whether select sound filter would apply when you can't exactly record it. Granted, maybe it could provide a reduction in dice pool penalty due to distraction.