These questions are more in the realm of how do things work in the setting as opposed to being strictly related to a specific edition, but that's ok
Hoi, I got some questions. These are all probably in the FAQ but I don't know how to find them:
- Do shapeshifters produce shapeshifter offspring? Like, is it possible for someone to know that the offspring of a critter will be a shapeshifter? Or is it just random?
Shapeshifters in Shadowrun are not metahumans who can turn into animals... they're animals who can turn into metahumans. So, basically, the question of what would a wolf shifter and a human's offspring be is originating in the same place as the question of "what would a wolf and human's offspring be". Basically: non sequitur... those species cannot breed with each other. And frankly, despite what certain matrix porn sites would have you believe, they generally wouldn't WANT to.
- Along that same aspect, I remember reading that magic users are random. As in, 2 "muggles" can have a magician kid. Is that true? Is it more likely that magically inclined parents will produce a magically inclined kid? Or both?
Well it's not technically random per se, but it may as well be. It's a matter that is not understood by in-universe geneticists. Yes, two muggles can have a magically awakened child. Also, an adult that's apparently a muggle can be revealed later in life to have been a magician all along.
- You know what? Let's just ask about the whole thing. How does progeny work with regards to the more fantastical elements? Will 2 elves always produce an elf child? Or is there always a chance they'll produce a troll? If a magician has a kid with magical ability, will they also be a magician? Or is it possible for them to be an Adept? Or even a Mystic Adept?
Metatype is not quite random, but neither is it completely understood in-universe either. Children tend to have the metatype of one of the parents, but not always. Yes, 2 elves can have a human child.
A few more in-universe "rules" that apply to parents/offspring:
Elves/Dwarves are always apparent that way from birth. UGE (unexplained genetic expression) is a term from the early 21st century to describe the babies that were very odd looking early/before the onset of the Sixth World. You are never born with round ears, then later "goblinize" into an Elf or Dwarf.
Orks/Trolls are increasingly common born "true", at least in comparison to the rates observed early on in the Sixth World. By this I mean orks/trolls that are born that way, rather than being born apparently human then goblinizing at puberty. Pubescent goblinization is still possible for apparent human children, though. It's just decreasingly proportionate in comparison to ork/troll from birth, is all.
SURGE: Suddden Unexplained Recessive Genetic Expression is a phenomenon that happened in the 2060s. This is like goblinization, but was a one-off (maybe?) event that resulted in a wide variety of individual "freakdom" rather than people suddenly turning into a new species like orks/trolls. IIRC some of the more fantastical meta-subtypes began expressing after this incident as well (4 armed Nartakis, winged and tiny Pixies, etc). If you want to play a real one-off mutant type, being a SURGEling/SURGE baby is your explanation.
- The way I understand the Prototype Transhuman quality is that, in order for the character to get the free 1 Essence worth of bioware, the person is basically vat-grown (or something along those lines). Because of that, is it possible for cultured bioware to be used for that quality? Cultured bioware requires a dna sample from the end-user in order to make. Wouldn't that mean that the corporation would have to take a chunk out of the person then shove it back into the character? That would basically negate the whole "growing with the bioware".
Ok, this is a 5e rules question. I'll come back and edit with an answer after reviewing the relevant rule, but off the cuff I'd say it does what it says. If there's no prohibition against cultured bioware, then there isn't one.
EDIT:
You were
built better than a normal human, so you may pick up
to 1 point of Essence of bioware (not cyberware). While
you must pay the normal cost in nuyen of the bioware
and otherwise follow all character creation rules, you do
not incur any essence cost. So, essentially, you gain up
to 1 point of free Essence to be used exclusively on bioware.
These special organs were genetically grown into
you from your inception—they are as much a natural part
of you as your liver or heart.
Bolded text gives you your answer. If it's possible in chargen then it's possible in this quality, other than the exception of 1.0 essence cap given. Ergo: is cultured bioware possible in chargen
without this quality? Since the answer is yes: then yes it's also possible as "bonus" bioware here with the quality. Remember to factor chargen availability limits, though, as they are not excepted.
- Can any bioware be cultured bioware? Or is that encroaching too much on bioware grades and it's just some types of bioware that are considered cultured?
Generally, yes. However there's a particular wrinkle with used cultured bioware. I don't recall if it's legal in 5e or not... I believe it was but I'd have to double check. My opinion: it should be, on the grounds that "used" doesn't necessarily mean it was literally in someone else's body before. In my view, "used" can still mean something grown brand new and in the case of cultured bioware still specifically for YOU, but manufactured at lower quality than "standard" grade.